Selecting the right livestock shed is one of the most important decisions you’ll make for your farm. A well-designed shed protects your animals from extreme weather, reduces stress, and improves productivity. It also makes daily farm management easier and more efficient. Whether you’re housing cattle, sheep, or goats, the right shelter depends on herd size, animal type, climate, and budget. This guide walks you through everything you need to know to choose the best livestock shed for your property.
Why a Good Livestock Shed Is Critical
Livestock shelters directly impact animal health and welfare. Heat stress can significantly reduce milk yields and growth rates in cattle, whilst prolonged exposure to wet conditions can trigger hoof issues in sheep and goats. Proper shelter provides protection from sun, rain, wind, and cold. Animals that are comfortable and protected experience less stress. Lower stress levels mean better weight gain, improved reproduction rates, and healthier animals overall.
Good shelters also benefit farm management. They provide a designated area for feeding, health checks, and handling procedures. This makes daily operations more efficient and safer for both animals and handlers. Shelters protect your pasture too. Animals given dry, comfortable resting spaces are less likely to churn up mud or compact soil in areas that matter. This preserves paddock quality and reduces maintenance costs.
Investment in quality shelter pays dividends through improved animal performance. Dairy cows with adequate shade and protection maintain better milk production. Sheep and goats with dry bedding areas have fewer health issues. Even basic three-sided structures can dramatically improve animal welfare compared to no shelter at all.
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Livestock Shed
Herd Size and Animal Type
Different animals require different amounts of space. Overcrowding causes stress, increases disease transmission, and reduces animal performance. Understanding space requirements helps you size your shed correctly from the start.
Cattle space requirements:
Barn space for a cow weighing 1,000 to 1,300 pounds is 20 to 30 square feet when cattle have access to an adjacent lot. Without lot access, cattle require significantly more space for comfortable housing. Dairy cows generally require more space than beef cattle due to their larger size and milking requirements. Consider 75-100 square feet per animal for enclosed housing without outdoor access.
Sheep space requirements:
A general estimate is 15 to 25 square feet per mature sheep for indoor housing, with more space being better for their overall welfare. Sheep need 15-20 square feet per animal in covered shelter, with at least 200-400 square feet per animal in an outdoor grazing area. Lambing ewes require additional space during lambing season.
Goat space requirements:
Goats need about a 4 foot by 5 foot space each, or about 20 square feet. If they will be spending long periods in their pens, plan for 30 square feet or more per goat. Goats need 15-20 square feet per animal in covered shelter, with at least 200-400 square feet per animal in outdoor areas. Goats appreciate elevated platforms and climbing structures within shelters.
Example calculations:
- 10 beef cattle with lot access: 10 × 25 sq ft = 250 square feet minimum
- 10 beef cattle without lot access: 10 × 80 sq ft = 800 square feet minimum
- 20 sheep for general housing: 20 × 20 sq ft = 400 square feet minimum
- 15 goats with extended housing time: 15 × 25 sq ft = 375 square feet minimum
Always plan for slightly more space than minimum requirements. This allows for herd growth and provides comfort during extended housing periods.
How Climate & Location Impact Livestock Shed Choice
Australian climates vary dramatically from tropical north to temperate south. Your shed design must match your local conditions. Hot, dry regions require different solutions than cold, wet areas.
Hot climate considerations:
Open-sided designs allow maximum airflow. This prevents heat stress in summer months. Orient sheds to catch prevailing breezes. Light-coloured roofing reflects heat rather than absorbing it. Adequate height allows hot air to rise away from animals. Consider insulated roofing in extreme heat areas.
Cold and wet climate considerations:
Enclosed or three-sided designs protect from wind and rain. Proper drainage prevents water pooling inside shelters. Elevated floors keep bedding dry in wet conditions. Wind orientation matters significantly. Position shelter openings away from prevailing cold winds. Insulation helps maintain warmth during cold snaps.
Regional factors across Australia:
NSW and Victoria experience cold winters and hot summers. Versatile designs with good ventilation and wind protection work best. Queensland’s tropical zones need maximum airflow and shade. Western Australia‘s dry interior requires sun protection more than rain shelter. Tasmania’s cooler climate benefits from enclosed designs with good drainage.
Sun orientation affects comfort year-round. East-west orientation provides morning and afternoon sun whilst minimising midday heat exposure. North-facing openings in southern Australia maximise winter sun. Windbreaks using natural features or planted trees enhance shelter effectiveness. Drainage is critical everywhere. Slightly elevated sites prevent water accumulation inside sheds.
Livestock Shed Material Options and Durability
Shed materials affect cost, longevity, and maintenance requirements. Each material suits different applications and budgets. Understanding material characteristics helps you choose wisely.
Steel (Colorbond and galvanised):
Steel is best for permanent cow shelters or large multipurpose cattle sheds on properties where wind loading and longevity are key concerns. Steel structures resist fire, termites, and rot. They require minimal maintenance beyond occasional inspections. Galvanised steel withstands corrosion in coastal or high-moisture areas. Colorbond steel offers colour options and superior UV resistance. Steel framing allows wide spans without internal posts. This creates open interior space for animal movement.
Disadvantages include higher initial costs and heat conduction. Steel roofs can be noisy during rain. Insulation may be necessary in extreme climates. However, steel’s longevity often justifies the initial investment.
Timber:
Timber works well for goats, sheep, poultry, and hobby-scale operations. Timber is cost-effective for smaller structures. It provides natural insulation properties. Timber suits small-scale producers or homesteaders comfortable with building their own structures. Timber can be sourced locally in many regions.
Timber requires regular maintenance including painting or staining. It’s susceptible to rot in wet conditions. Termites pose risks in some Australian regions. Fire resistance is lower than steel. Treated timber lasts longer but costs more. Hardwood timber outlasts softwood but commands premium prices.
Corrugated iron and polycarbonate:
Corrugated iron sheets are affordable roofing options. They’re lightweight and easy to install. Polycarbonate sheets allow natural light into sheds. This reduces electricity costs and creates pleasant working environments. Both materials require secure fastening in high-wind areas.
Corrugated iron can rust over time without proper coating. Polycarbonate yellows with prolonged UV exposure. Both materials need regular inspection of fixings and seals.
Cost versus longevity trade-offs:
Steel offers 25-30 year lifespans with minimal maintenance. Initial costs are higher but lifetime costs are often lower. Timber structures last 15-20 years with good maintenance. Upfront costs are lower but ongoing maintenance adds up. Hybrid designs use steel frames with various cladding options. This balances cost and performance.
Budget Considerations
Understanding all costs helps you budget accurately. Initial purchase price is only part of total expenditure. Hidden costs can significantly affect your final investment.
Cost per square metre:
General farm storage sheds cost around $150-$200 per square metre. Fully enclosed sheds cost from $120 to $200+ per square metre kit price. Roof-only hay, machinery, and yard-cover sheds start at about $150 per square metre, whilst fully enclosed designs begin at approximately $250 per square metre.
Larger sheds typically cost less per square metre than smaller ones. Complex designs with multiple bays or custom features increase costs. Location affects pricing due to transport and labour variations.
Pre-fabricated versus DIY:
Pre-fabricated sheds offer faster installation and engineered designs. They meet building codes and come with warranties. Professional installation ensures correct assembly. Total costs including installation typically range from $30,000 for small sheds to $270,000+ for large enclosed structures.
DIY construction saves labour costs but requires skills and time. You’ll need appropriate tools and equipment. Building code compliance remains your responsibility. DIY suits smaller projects and those with construction experience. Material costs for DIY typically run 40-60% of complete pre-fab prices.
Hidden costs to factor in:
Concrete footings or slabs add significant expense. Concrete costs range from $65 to $100 per square metre. Earthworks and site preparation vary by terrain. Council approval fees and building permits are required in most areas. Approval fees and building licences typically add $5 per square metre to shed costs.
Electrical and plumbing installations require licensed tradespeople. Budget $1,500-$3,000 for basic electrical work. Water supply connections add further costs. Fencing around yards or exercise areas needs consideration. Access roads or tracks to the shed location may need construction. Delivery costs increase for remote properties.
Types of Livestock Sheds
Open versus Enclosed Livestock Shed Designs
Open sheds feature three sides with one open side. They provide weather protection whilst maximising airflow. Open designs suit hot climates and animals that spend limited time indoors. They’re more affordable than fully enclosed structures. Cleaning and maintenance are easier with open access.
Enclosed sheds have walls on all four sides with doors for access. They offer maximum weather protection. Enclosed designs suit cold climates and animals requiring more protection. They’re essential for dairy operations and intensive livestock systems. Enclosed sheds cost more but provide better biosecurity.
Portable versus Permanent Livestock Sheds
Portable shelters are best suited to poultry (chicken tractors), pigs, sheep, and goats. They use lightweight steel, timber frames, or pre-fab units. Portable designs allow rotational grazing patterns. You can move shelters to fresh pasture regularly. This improves pasture health and parasite control.
Portable structures offer flexibility, enable pasture recovery, and allow ease of cleaning. However, they’re less robust in storms and more susceptible to wear. They suit smaller herds and extensive grazing systems.
Permanent structures are great for infrastructure-heavy operations, long-term animal housing, and equipment storage. They’re best suited to cattle (especially dairy), overwintering animals, and lambing or kidding. Permanent sheds use concrete pads with steel or timber frames. They include fixed utilities like water and electricity.
Permanent structures are stronger, longer-lasting, and easier to weatherproof. However, they have high initial costs, less flexibility, and require council approval in many areas. They suit established operations with stable herd sizes.
Multi-Species versus Single-Species Livestock Shed Designs
Single-species sheds are designed specifically for one animal type. They optimise space, layout, and features for that species. Cattle sheds include features like feed bunks and wide alleys. Sheep sheds might include raised slatted floors. Goat sheds incorporate climbing structures and elevated resting areas.
Multi-species sheds accommodate different animals at various times. They offer flexibility for mixed farming operations. Design must satisfy the most demanding species’ requirements. Adjustable partitions allow space reallocation. Multi-species sheds cost-effectively serve smaller, diversified farms.
Comparison Table
| Shed Type | Typical Size | Cost Range | Lifespan | Maintenance Level |
| Open steel frame | 100-400 m² | $15,000-$80,000 | 25-30 years | Low |
| Enclosed steel | 100-400 m² | $25,000-$100,000 | 25-30 years | Low |
| Timber three-sided | 50-200 m² | $8,000-$40,000 | 15-20 years | Moderate |
| Portable shelter | 10-50 m² | $2,000-$10,000 | 10-15 years | Moderate-High |
| Permanent concrete pad | 150-500 m² | $40,000-$150,000 | 30+ years | Low |
Sizing Your Shed Correctly
Correct sizing prevents overcrowding whilst avoiding wasted space and unnecessary expense. Base calculations on your current herd plus anticipated growth. Plan for at least 20% expansion capacity.
Space per animal guidelines:
Use the minimum square footage requirements as your baseline. Add feeding area space separate from resting areas. Include handling area space if the shed serves multiple functions. Factor in equipment storage space within the shed. Allow wider aisles if using machinery for cleaning or feeding.
Floor plan tips:
Rectangular designs are most cost-effective. They maximise usable space. Orient the long axis to suit prevailing winds. Position water troughs and feed areas thoughtfully. Water should be accessible but not in high-traffic areas. Feed areas need sufficient length so animals can eat without competition.
Include adequate access points for management. Wide doors accommodate tractors and equipment. Consider separate entry points for different functional areas. Design traffic flow to minimise animal stress. Avoid dead ends where animals might get trapped.
Expansion considerations:
Build sheds in modular sizes that allow future extension. Standard bay widths (commonly 6, 8, or 10 metres) simplify additions. Leave space on your property for shed expansion. Consider utilities placement to accommodate growth. Extended rooflines can create covered exercise yards later.
Calculate for your five-year herd projection, not just current numbers. Growing operations quickly outgrow undersized sheds. It’s more economical to build slightly larger initially than add on soon after.
Placement on Your Property
Shed location affects animal comfort, farm efficiency, and structure longevity. Take time to select the optimal site before construction begins.
Orientation for sun and wind:
Sun exposure matters significantly. Position structures to maximise shade in summer and sunlight in winter to maintain stable internal temperature. Wind protection is crucial. Orient shelters to shield animals from strong winds (typically from the south or west in Australia) to reduce stress and heat loss.
In southern Australia, north-facing openings capture winter sun. East-west roof orientation minimises midday summer heat. Consider seasonal wind patterns, not just prevailing winds. Cold winter winds differ from summer storm directions.
Drainage and soil conditions:
Place shelters on slightly elevated ground to prevent flooding and ensure dry bedding. Natural slope allows water runoff away from the structure. Avoid low-lying areas where water collects. Test soil bearing capacity for heavy permanent structures. Sandy soils drain well but need proper footings. Clay soils hold water and require extra drainage measures.
Install drainage systems if building on level ground. French drains or agricultural pipes direct water away. Grade the area around sheds to prevent water flowing toward structures. Guttering and downpipes protect footings from erosion.
Proximity to water and feeding areas:
Accessibility matters. Easy access for feeding, cleaning, and medical care improves daily operations and efficiency on the farm. Locate sheds near reliable water sources. This reduces pipe runs and ongoing labour. Position near existing access roads or tracks. Heavy vehicles need all-weather access.
Consider proximity to handling yards and crush facilities. Efficient stock movement saves time and reduces stress. Balance convenience against biosecurity needs. Some separation between different animal groups prevents disease transmission.
Distance from boundaries matters for neighbourly relations. Noise and smell can cause disputes. Check local setback requirements from property lines. Consider prevailing winds when positioning relative to your home. Adequate setback prevents odour and noise issues.
Maintenance and Longevity Tips
Regular maintenance extends shed life and protects your investment. Simple preventive measures prevent expensive repairs later.
Cleaning and hygiene:
Remove manure and soiled bedding regularly. Build-up creates unhealthy conditions and damages floors. Pressure-wash surfaces periodically. This removes organic matter harbouring bacteria. Disinfect between animal groups if rotating species. Allow sheds to dry completely after washing.
Maintain drainage systems to prevent water accumulation. Clear gutters and downpipes seasonally. Remove vegetation growing against shed walls. Plants trap moisture and harbour pests. Good housekeeping prevents disease transmission.
Pest and predator protection:
Seal gaps and holes preventing pest entry. Rats and mice damage stored feed and spread disease. Install mesh over ventilation openings. This excludes birds whilst maintaining airflow. Store feed in sealed containers away from livestock areas.
Regular inspection identifies predator entry points. Foxes and wild dogs threaten smaller livestock. Reinforce weak points in walls or fencing. Motion-activated lighting deters nocturnal predators. Consider guard animals for extensive grazing systems.
Roof, wall, and flooring upkeep:
Inspect roofs annually for rust, holes, or loose fixings. Small leaks become big problems quickly. Replace damaged sheets promptly. Check and tighten all fasteners. Thermal movement loosens fixings over time.
Examine wall cladding for damage or corrosion. Treat rust spots immediately on metal structures. Repaint or restain timber as needed. Replace rotted timber before structural issues develop.
Monitor floor conditions in high-traffic areas. Concrete cracks allow water penetration. Seal cracks promptly to prevent expansion. Replace damaged timber flooring before rot spreads. Maintain proper fall in dirt floors for drainage.
Frequently Asked Questions
Barn space for a cow weighing 1,000 to 1,300 pounds is 20 to 30 square feet when cattle have access to an adjacent lot for exercise and grazing. If cattle do not have access to a lot, consider 75 to 100 square feet per cow for enclosed housing. Dairy cows generally need more space than beef cattle.
A general estimate is 15 to 25 square feet per mature sheep for indoor housing, with more space being better for overall welfare. Lambing ewes require additional space during lambing season. Provide at least 20 square feet per animal for comfortable housing.
Goats need about 15 to 25 square feet each for general housing. If they will be spending long periods in their pens, plan for 25 to 30 square feet or more per goat. Goats appreciate elevated platforms and climbing structures, so factor in vertical space considerations.
Roof-only sheds start at approximately $150 per square metre, whilst fully enclosed designs begin at approximately $250 per square metre. Total costs depend on size, materials, and features. A basic 200 square metre open shed might cost $30,000-$40,000. A fully enclosed 200 square metre shed could cost $50,000-$70,000 including installation.
Yes, portable shelters are designed for relocation. Lightweight designs using steel or timber frames move relatively easily. Smaller portable sheds (under 50 square metres) can often be relocated with farm equipment. Larger portable structures may require specialist equipment. Consider ground conditions before moving. Moving portable sheds allows rotational grazing and pasture recovery.
Steel sheds properly maintained last 25-30 years or more. Galvanised and Colorbond steel resists corrosion effectively. Timber sheds last 15-20 years with regular maintenance including painting and repairs. Treated timber outlasts untreated options. Portable structures using lighter materials typically last 10-15 years. Lifespan depends heavily on climate, maintenance, and usage intensity.
Conclusion and Next Steps
Choosing the right livestock shed requires balancing animal welfare, farm efficiency, and budget constraints. Start by accurately calculating your space requirements based on herd size and species. Consider your climate and select appropriate designs for your local conditions. Evaluate material options weighing initial costs against long-term durability.
Factor in all costs including site preparation, installation, and ongoing maintenance. Choose between portable and permanent designs based on your farming system. Position sheds thoughtfully considering sun, wind, drainage, and access. Plan for future herd growth to avoid outgrowing your shelter too quickly.
Quality livestock shelters protect your animals, improve productivity, and make farm management easier. They represent significant investments that should serve your operation for decades. Take time to research options and consult with experienced farmers in your region. Consider visiting similar operations to see different shed designs in action.
For detailed comparisons of specific shed products and suppliers, explore comprehensive livestock shed comparison guides. If you’re unsure about sizing, use herd size calculators to determine your exact requirements. Professional advice from agricultural consultants or experienced shed builders can prevent costly mistakes. Your livestock deserve proper shelter, and your farm deserves infrastructure that supports efficient operations for years to come.
